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Chain restaurants --- Franchises (Retail trade) --- Chaînes de restaurants --- Concessions (Commerce de détail) --- Management --- Gestion

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Railroads --- Railroad law --- History --- -Railroads --- -Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Communication and traffic --- Concessions --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial --- Government regulation of railroads --- Law, Railroad --- Corporation law --- Railroads and state --- Law and legislation --- -History --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Railroads - Germany - Prussia - History --- Railroad law - Germany - Prussia

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Now that railway infrastructure and train operations have been separated in Europe -- at least for accounting purposes -- user charges for infrastructure are progressively being introduced to cover the costs of running trains. However, because of the lack of experience in this field, it is difficult to set the amount and choose the most appropriate form for these charges. There are in fact major differences between countries, and the objectives are many and sometimes conflicting. Given this situation, the Round Table sought to highlight, through its introductory reports and discussions, some essential economic principles that can help to shed light on what a rational system of user charges for railway infrastructure might be and thereby make it possible to address a crucial aspect of railway reform in Europe. Special attention is paid to the German, French, British and Swedish experience.

Transport --- Railroads --- User charges --- Business & Economics --- Transportation Economics --- Finance --- Charges, User --- Fees, User --- Fees and charges (User charges) --- User fees --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Fees, Administrative --- Communication and traffic --- Concessions --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial

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Railroads --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Communication and traffic --- Concessions --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial --- History --- History of the Netherlands --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1900-1999

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Europe's railways are going through a period of radical restructuring in the drive to improve their efficiency and competitiveness. The emphasis is on fostering commercial freedom through a clearer separation of the roles of the State and of rail enterprises and through a progressive opening of access to rail infrastructure. This report examines reforms in over 30 countries from the Atlantic to the Urals, characterizing restructuring in terms of management independence, separation of infrastructure from operations and rights of access to rail infrastructure.

Transport --- Railroads --- Railroads and state --- Railroad law --- Business & Economics --- Transportation Economics --- Management --- Government regulation of railroads --- Law, Railroad --- Government ownership of railroads --- Nationalization of railroads --- Railroads, Nationalization of --- State and railroads --- State ownership of railroads --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Law and legislation --- Government ownership --- Government policy --- Regulation --- State supervision --- Concessions --- Corporation law --- Transportation and state --- Communication and traffic --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial